5.D Acid derivatives

Acid derivatives include (Acid Chlorides, Anhydrides, Amides, Esters)

5.D.1 Description

5.D.1.a nomenclature

5.D.1.b physical properties

5.D.2 Important reactions

5.D.2.a preparation of acid derivatives

5.D.2.b nucleophilic substitution

5.D.2.c Hofmann rearrangement

5.D.2.d transesterification

5.D.2.e hydrolysis of fats and glycerides (saponification)

5.D.2.f hydrolysis of amides

5.D.3 General principles

5.D.3.a relative reactivity of acid derivatives

5.D.3.b steric effects

5.D.3.c electronic effects

5.D.3.d Strain (e.g., -lactams)

5.E Keto Acids and Esters

5.E.1 Description

5.E.1.a nomenclature

5.E.2 Important reactions

5.E.2.a decarboxylation

5.E.2.b acetoacetic ester synthesis

5.E.3 General principles

5.E.3.a acidity of α hydrogens in −keto esters

5.E.3.b keto–enol tautomerism